First Name: P.
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Last Name: Frigola
Full Name: P. Frigola
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29 papers
| title: | Adjustable, short focal length permanent-magnet quadrupole based electron beam final focus system |
| format: | journal article |
| year: | 2005 |
| 9 authors: | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | Advanced high-brightness beam applicaitons such as inverse-Compton scattering (ICS) depend on achieving of ultra-small spot sizes in high current beams. Modern injectors and compressors enable the production of high-brightness beams having needed short bunch lengths and small emittances. Along with these beam properties comes the need to produce tighter foci, using stronger, shorter focal length optics. An approach to creating such strong focusing-systems using high field, small-bore permanent-magnet quadrupoles (PMQs) is reported here. A final focus system employing three PMQs, each composed of 16 neodymium iron boride sectors in a Halbach geometry has been installed in the PLEIADES ICS experiment. The field gradient in these PMQs is 560 T/m, the highest ever reported in a magnetic optics system. As the magnets are of a fixed field-strength, the focusing system is tuned by adjusting the position of the three magnets along the beamline axis, in analogy to familiar camera optics. This paper discusses the details of the focusing system, simulation, design, fabrication and experimental procedure in creating ultra-small beams at PLEIADES. |
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| title: | Production of High Harmonic X-ray Radiation from Non-linear Thomson Scattering at LLNL PLEIADES |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 2005 Particle Accelerator Conference |
| year: | 2005 |
| 11 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | We describe an experiment for production of high harmonic x-ray radiation from Thomson backscattering of an ultra-short high power density laser by a relativistic electron beam at the PLEIADES facility at LLNL. In this scenario, electrons execute a ``figure-8'' motion under the influence of the high-intensity laser field, where the constant characterizing the field strength is expected to exceed unity: $a_{L}=eE_{L}/m_{e}c\omega_{L}\geq1$. With large $a_{L}$ this motion produces high harmonic x-ray radiation and significant broadening of the spectral peaks. This paper is intended to give a layout of the PLEIADES experiment, along with progress towards experimental goals. |
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| title: | RF AND MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS ON THE SPARC PHOTOINJECTOR AND SOLENOID AT UCLA |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 2005 Particle Accelerator Conference |
| year: | 2005 |
| 8 authors: | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | The rf photocathode gun and the solenoid for the SPARC project at INFN-LNF (Frascati) have been fabricated and undergone initial testing at UCLA. The advanced aspects of the design of these devices are detailed. Final diagnosis of the tuning of the RF gun performance, including operating mode frequency and field balance, is described. The emittance compensating solenoid magnet, which is designed to be tuned in longitudinal position by differential excitation of the coils, has been measured using Hall probe scans for field profiling, and pulsed wire methods to determine the field center. Comparisons between measurements and the predictions of design codes are made. |
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| title: | Recent Results from and Future Plans for the VISA II SASE FEL |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 2005 Particle Accelerator Conference |
| year: | 2005 |
| 19 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | The VISA II (Visible to Infrared SASE Amplifier) project, a consequent experiment to the succesful VISA enterprise, entails the use of a chirped electron beam to drive a high gain SASE FEL. The resulting ultra-short pulses will be characterized using an advanced FROG (Frequency Resolved Optical Gating) technique, as well as a double differential spectrum (angle/wavelength) diagnostic. Implementation of sextupole corrections to the longitudinal aberrations affecting the high energy-spread chirped beam during transport to the VISA undulator is studied. Start-end simulations, including radiation diagnostics, are discussed. Initial experimental results involving a highly chirped beam transported without sextupole corrections, the resulting high gain lasing, and computational analysis are briefly reported. |
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| title: | Observation of Anomalously Large Spectral Bandwidth in a High-Gain Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission Free Elctron Laser |
| format: | journal article |
| year: | 2005 |
| 14 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | Observation of ultrawide bandwidth, up to 15% full-width, high-gain operation of a self-amplified spontaneous emission free-election laser (SASE FEL) is reported. This type of lasing is obtained with a strongly chirped beam (E=E 1:7%) emitted from the accelerator. Because of nonlinear pulse compression during transport, a short, high current bunch with strong mismatch errors is injected into the undulator, giving high FEL gain. Start-to-end simulations reproduce key features of the measurements and provide insight into mechanisms, such as angular spread in emitted photon and electron trajectory distributions, which yield novel features in the radiation spectrum. |
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| title: | Mitigation of RF Gun Breakdown by Removal of Tuning Rods in High Field Regions |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 2007 Particle Accelerator Conference |
| year: | |
| 5 authors: | | | | | |
| abstract: | The pi-mode resonant frequency of the 1.6 cell SLAC/BNL/UCLA style RF photoinjector electron gun is conventionally tuned using cylindrical copper tuning pieces that extend into the full-cell cavity through holes in the side of the gun. This design begins to fail in many versions of this popular gun design at higher voltage levels, when the cavity undergoes electric breakdown in the vicinity of the tuners. In order to remove the tuners from the region of high electric field, mitigating this problem, one must change the full cell geometry significantly. We have investigated a method for accomplishing this, in which we stretch the gun structure to tune the resonant frequency up by over 2 MHz. We constructed a device to perform this stretching and tested the modified photoinjector in an RF test bed. We succeeded in putting approximately 8.4 MW of RF power into the gun, an improvement over the 4 MW routinely achieved with a similar gun using conventional tuning methods installed at the UCLA Neptune laboratory. Recent results in testing this gun with a magnesium cathode insert are reported as well. |
| keywords: | pbpl |
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| title: | Ultra-High Density Electron Beams for Beam Radiation and Beam Plasma Interaction |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 2005 Particle Accelerator Conference |
| year: | |
| 11 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | Current and future applications of high brightness electron beams, which include advanced accelerators such as the plasma wake-field accelerator (PWFA) and beam radiation interactions such as inverse-Compton scattering (ICS), require both transverse and longitudinal beam sizes on the order of tens of microns. Ultra-high density beams may be produced at moderate energy (50 MeV) by compression and subsequent strong focusing of low emittance, photoinjector sources. We describe the implementation of this method used at the PLEIADES ICS x-ray source in which the photoinjector-generated beam has been compressed to 300 fsec duration using the velocity bunching technique and focused to 20 um rms size using an extremely high gradient, permanent magnet quadrupole (PMQ) focusing system. |
| keywords: | pbpl |
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| title: | A Helical Undulator Wave-guide Inverse Free-Electron Laser |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | |
| year: | 2004 |
| 8 authors: | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | With recent success in high gradient, high-energy gain IFEL experiments at the UCLA Neptune Laboratory, future experiments are now being contemplated. The Neptune IFEL was designed to use a tightly focused, highly diffracting, near-TW peak power 10 micron laser. This choice of laser focusing, driven by power-handling limitations of the optics near the interaction region, led to design and use of a very complex undulator, and to sensitivity to both laser misalignment and focusing errors. As these effects limited the performance of the IFEL experiment, a next generation experiment at Neptune has been studied which avoids the use of a highly diffractive laser beam through use of a waveguide. We discuss here the choice of low-loss waveguide, guided mode characteristics and likely power limitations. We also examine a preferred undulator design, which is chosen to be helical in order to maximize the acceleration achieved for a given power. With the limitations of these laser and undulator choices in mind, we show the expected performance of the IFEL using 1D simulations. Three-dimensional effects are examined, in the context of use of a solenoid for focusing and acceleration enhancement. |
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| title: | A PMQ-based, Ultra-short Focal Length, Final Focus System for Next Generation Beam-Radiation and Beam-Plasma Experiments |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | |
| year: | 2004 |
| 4 authors: | | | | |
| abstract: | Abstract. Next-generation advanced-accelerators such as the PWFA, and beam-radiation interactions such as inverse-Compton scattering, depend on increased beam-density to achieve superior results. The photoinjector has enabled the production of high-brightness beams that are desirable for experiments with critical dependencies on bunch length and emittance. Along with the production of shorter and lower-emittance beams, comes the need to produce shorter focal-lengths (beta-functions). An approach to creating strong focusing-channels using high field, small-bore permanent-magnet quadrupoles (PMQs) has been followed by the authors. A focusing system using three PMQs, each composed of 16 Nd-Fe-B sectors in a Halbach geometry has been installed in the PLEIADES inverse-Compton experiment. As the magnets are of a fixed field-strength, the focusing system is tuned by adjusting the position of the three magnets along the beamline axis. This paper covers the details of the focusing system, experimental experience, and implications for future experiments with an emphasis on advanced accelerators. |
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| title: | Design and Operation of Pegasus Thermionic Cathode |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 2003 Particle Accelerator Conference |
| year: | 2003 |
| 6 authors: | | | | | | |
| abstract: | A new thermionic cathode has been developed and installed for use on The PEGASUS plane wave transformer injector. The novel design of the LaB6 cathode allows for thermionic emission as well as photoinjector operation. Test stand measurements as well as in situ operational experience are reported. |
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| title: | The UCLA Pegasus Plane-Wave Transformer Photoinjector |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 2003 Particle Accelerator Conference |
| year: | 2003 |
| 6 authors: | | | | | | |
| abstract: | A photoinjector based on a multicell plane wave transformer accelerating structure has been commissioned at the UCLA Department of Physics' Pegasus Laboratory. Design and construction of the novel structure have been previously reported [J. Rosenzweig, et al. PAC Proceedings 1997], and recent operation with a thermionic cathode is being presented at this conference [P. Frigola, et al. these proceedings]. This paper describes the planned operation of the PWT gun as a photoinjector, including design and construction details of the drive laser. Progress to date and future plans are discussed. |
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| title: | An Adjustable Permanent Magnet Quadrupole Final Focus System for Low Energy Experiments |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 2003 Particle Accelerator Conference |
| year: | 2003 |
| 7 authors: | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | The final focus system for the Thomson X-ray scattering experiment termed PLEIADES (Picosecond Laser-Electron InterAction for Dynamic Evaluation of Structures) at LLNL demands ultra-high field gradient quadrupoles in order to focus initially small beams to 10-20 micron spot sizes. This scheme circumvents limitations due to chromatic aberrations and space-charge effects in this relatively low energy (<100 Mev) system. The final focus scheme is based on an ultra-high gradient (300T/m) quadrupole which employs the Halbach 16-piece, permanent magnet design. Use of this optimized goemetry, NdFeB material, and a small (4 mm) bore allows the desired field gradient, and few cm focal length, to be achieved. The adjustability of the focusing system is obtained by changing the relative longitudinal positions of sub-component focusing and defocusing magnets on precision movers. We present the results of RADIA 3D design simulations, and measurement of prototype magnets. We also discuss the results of beam dynamics simulations of the PLEIADES system using both envelope and tracking codes. |
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| title: | Status of the UCLA PEGASUS Laboratory |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 2003 Particle Accelerator Conference |
| year: | 2003 |
| 6 authors: | | | | | | |
| abstract: | The PEGASUS laboratory is a versatile radiation facility dedicated to the advancement of novel concepts in beam physics. The installation of a new LaB$_6$ cathode will allow for both thermionic emission and photoinjection operation. The PEGASUS plane wave transformer injector has been conditioned to 20 MW of RF power. Recent operations show a 15 MeV dark current beam that will be used for beam radiation studies. An upgrade to the drive laser system has been explored and will be realized shortly. This paper will describe and report the status of the various subsystems of the PEGASUS laboratory and outline the experiments underway, such as innovative beam instrumentation, surface effects in optical transition radiation, Thomson scattering, and waveguide SASE FEL. |
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| title: | The FEL Program at the PEGASUS Injector |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 2003 Particle Accelerator Conference |
| year: | 2003 |
| 6 authors: | | | | | | |
| abstract: | The PEGASUS photo injector at UCLA can produce a photo electrons beam with a normalized emittance of 2 mm mrad at an energy of 12-15 MeV, capable of driving a Free-Electron Laser in the mid IR regime. The FEL program, associated with the PEGASUS injector and presented here, is based on a Self-Amplifying Spontaneous Emission (SASE) FEL. The studies focus on increasing the efficiency of an FEL by novel undulator design and compensation of diffraction effects, using waveguides of millimeter size. In this presentation we also discuss the possibility of the PEGASUS FEL as a THz user facility. |
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| title: | Properties of the ultrashort gain length, self-amplified spontaneous emission free-electron laser in the linear regime and saturation |
| format: | journal article |
| year: | 2003 |
| 26 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | VISA (Visible to Infrared SASE Amplifier) is a high-gain self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) free-electron laser (FEL), which achieved saturation at 840 nm within a single-pass 4-m undulator. The experiment was performed at the Accelerator Test Facility at BNL, using a high brightness 70-MeV electron beam. A gain length shorter than 18 cm has been obtained, yielding a total gain of 2x10(8) at saturation. The FEL performance, including the spectral, angular, and statistical properties of SASE radiation, has been characterized for different electron beam conditions. Results are compared to the three-dimensional SASE FEL theory and start-to-end numerical simulations of the entire injector, transport, and FEL systems. An agreement between simulations and experimental results has been obtained at an unprecedented level of detail. |
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| title: | Results of the VISA SASE FEL Experiment at 840 nm |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 24th International Free Electron Laser Conference |
| year: | 2003 |
| 26 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | VISA (Visible to Infrared SASE Amplifier) is a high-gain self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) free-electron laser (FEL), which achieved saturation at 840 nm within a single-pass 4-m undulator. A gain length shorter than 18 cm has been obtained, yielding the gain of 2x10(8) at saturation. The FEL performance, including the spectral, angular, and statistical properties of SASE radiation, has been characterized for different electron beam conditions. The results are compared to 3-D SASE FEL theory and start-to-end numerical simulations of the entire injector, transport, and FEL system. Detailed agreement between simulations and experimental results is obtained over the wide range of the electron beam parameters. |
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| title: | Status of the UCLA PEGASUS Injector Laboratory |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 24th International Free Electron Laser Conference |
| year: | 2003 |
| 6 authors: | | | | | | |
| abstract: | The PEGASUS plane wave transformer injector has been conditioned to 20 MW of RF power. Initial operations show a 15 MeV dark current beam that will be used for beam radiation studies. The design of a new LaB_6 cathode will allow for both thermionic emission and photoinjection operation. Experiments currently planned include novel beam instrumentation, surface effects in optical transition radiation, and waveguide SASE FEL. |
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| title: | Saturation measurements of a visible SASE FEL |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 2001 Particle Accelerator Conference |
| year: | 2001 |
| 14 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | VISA (visible to infrared SASE amplifier) is an FEL designed to obtain high gain at a radiation wavelength of 800 nm. Large gain is achieved by driving the FEL with the 71 MeV, high brightness beam of the Accelerator Test Facility (ATF) and using a novel, strong focusing, 4 m long undulator with a gap of 6 mm and a period of 1.8 cm. We report measurements of exponential gain, saturation, and spectra of the FEL radiation intensity. (11 References). |
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| title: | Initial gain measurements of an 800 nm SASE FEL, VISA |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 22nd International Free Electron Laser Conference |
| year: | 2001 |
| 26 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | The visible to infrared SASE amplifier (VISA) FEL is designed to obtain high gain at a radiation wavelength of 800 nm. The FEL uses the high brightness electron beam of the accelerator test facility (ATF), with energy of 72 MeV. VISA uses a novel, 4 m long, strong focusing undulator with a gap of 6 mm and a period of 1.8 cm. To obtain large gain the beam and undulator axis have to be aligned to better than 5 mu m. Results from initial measurements on the alignment, gain, and spectrum will be presented and compared to theoretical calculations and simulations. (10 References). |
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| title: | Intra-undulator measurements at VISA FEL |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 22nd International Free Electron Laser Conference |
| year: | 2001 |
| 11 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | We describe a diagnostics system developed, to measure exponential gain properties and the electron beam dynamics inside the strong focusing 4-m long undulator for the VISA (Visible to Infrared SASE Amplifier) FEL. The technical challenges included working inside the small undulator gap, optimising the electron beam diagnostics in the high background environment of the spontaneous undulator radiation, multiplexing and transporting the photon beam. Initial results are discussed. |
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| title: | The PEGASUS free electron laser laboratory |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 22nd International Free Electron Laser Conference |
| year: | 2001 |
| 4 authors: | | | | |
| abstract: | The PEGASUS (Photoelectron Generated Amplified Spontaneous Radiation Source) free electron laser laboratory is currently being commissioned at UCLA. |
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| title: | A Novel Fabrication Technique for the Production of RF Photoinjectors |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | EPAC 2008 |
| year: | 2008 |
| 9 authors: | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | Recent developments in Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) technology may make it possible to design and produce near netshape copper structures for the next generation of very high duty factor, high gradient radio frequency (RF) photoinjectors. RF and thermal management optimized geometries could be fully realized without the usual constraints and compromises of conventional machining techniques. A photoinjector design incorporating SFF and results from an initial material feasibility study will be reported. |
| keywords: | pbpl_pub |
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| title: | Design and Fabrication of an X-Band traveling wave deflection mode cavity for longitudinal characterization of ultra-short electron beam pulses |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | EPAC 2008 |
| year: | 2008 |
| 9 authors: | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | An X-band Traveling wave Deflector mode cavity (XTD) has been developed at Radiabeam Technologies to perform longitudinal characterization of the subpicosecond ultra-relativistic electron beams. The device is optimized for the 100 MeV electron beam parameters at the Accelerator Test Facility (ATF) at Brookhaven National Laboratory, and is scalable to higher energies. An XTD is designed to operate at 11.424 GHz, and features short filling time, femtosecond resolution, and a small footprint. RF design, fabrication procedure, and commissioning plans are presented. An experimental program at ATF to utilize the deflector for compressed beam characterization is discussed, including proposed measurements of the phase space filamentation due to non-linear processes in a chicane compressor. |
| keywords: | pbpl_pub |
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| title: | A real-time bunch length terahertz interferometer |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | EPAC 2008 |
| year: | 2008 |
| 5 authors: | | | | | |
| abstract: | The recent development of advanced photoinjectors and next generation light sources guides the progression towards high-current, ultra-short beams. The measurement of these short pulses, with sub-picosecond resolution, is essential for successful beam operation and optimization. This paper describes the development of a real-time, shotto-shot bunch length diagnostic utilizing a novel coherent terahertz radiation autocorrelation technique. The proposed diagnostic is called the real-time interferometer (RTI). |
| keywords: | pbpl_pub |
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| title: | MITIGATION OF ELECTRIC BREAKDOWN IN AN RF PHOTOINJECTOR BY REMOVAL OF TUNING RODS IN HIGH-FIELD REGIONS |
| format: | preprint |
| year: | 2007 |
| 5 authors: | | | | | |
| abstract: | The pi-mode resonant frequency of the 1.6 cell SLAC/BNL/UCLA style RF photoinjector electron gun is conventionally tuned using cylindrical copper tuning pieces that extend into the full-cell cavity through holes in the side of the gun. This design begins to fail in many versions of this popular gun design at higher voltage levels, when the cavity undergoes electric breakdown in the vicinity of the tuners. In order to remove the tuners from the region of high electric field, mitigating this problem, the full cell geometry must be changed significantly. We report on a method of accomplishing this, in which we use a mechanical device of custom design to stretch the cavity structure of an existing photoinjector in order to tune the resonant frequency up by over 2 MHz. We present results of testing the modified photoinjector in an RF test bed with both copper and magnesium cathodes, succeeding in putting approximately 8 - 10 MW of RF power into the gun. This is an improvement over the 4 MW routinely achieved in a similar gun using conventional tuning methods installed at the UCLA Neptune laboratory. |
| keywords: | pbpl |
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| title: | Commissioning of a High-Brightness Photoinjector for Compton Scattering X-Ray Sources |
| format: | journal article |
| year: | 2007 |
| 13 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | Compton scattering of intense laser pulses with ultra- relativistic electron beams has proven to be an attractive source of high-brightness x-rays with keV to MeV ener- gies. This type of x-ray source requires the electron beam brightness to be comparable with that used in x-ray free- electron lasers and laser and plasma based advanced accel- erators. We describe the development and commissioning of a 1.6 cell RF photoinjector for use in Compton scatter- ing experiments at LLNL. Injector development issues such as RF cavity design, beam dynamics simulations, emit- tance diagnostic development, results of sputtered magne- sium photo-cathode experiments, and UV laser pulse shap- ing are discussed. Initial operation of the photoinjector is described. |
| keywords: | pbpl |
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| title: | High Average Current Betatrons for Industrial and Security Applications |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | PAC07 |
| year: | 2007 |
| 8 authors: | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | The fixed-field alternating-gradient (FFAG) betatron has emerged as a viable alternative to RF linacs as a source of high-energy radiation for industrial and security applications. For industrial applications, high average currents at modest relativistic electron beam energies, typically in the 5 to 10 MeV range, are desired for medical product sterilization, food irradiation and materials processing. For security applications, high power x-rays in the 3 to 20 MeV range are needed for rapid screening of cargo containers and vehicles. In a FFAG betatron, high-power output is possible due to high duty factor and fast acceleration cycle: electrons are injected and accelerated in a quasi-CW mode while being confined and focused in the fixed-field alternating- gradient lattice. The beam is accelerated via magnetic induction from a betatron core made with modern low- loss magnetic materials. Here we present the design and status of a prototype FFAG betatron, called the Radiatron, as well as future prospects for these machines. |
| keywords: | pbpl_pub |
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| title: | Production of femtosecond pulses and |
| format: | journal article |
| year: | |
| 9 authors: | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | |
| keywords: | pbpl |
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| title: | HIgh Energy, High Brightness X-Rays Produced by Compton Back Scattering at the Livermore PLEIADES facility |
| format: | journal article |
| year: | |
| 11 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | PLEIADES (Picosecond Laser Electron Interaction for the Dynamic Evaluation of Structures) produces tunable 30-140 keV x-rays with 0.3-5 ps pulse lengths and up to 10^7 photons/pulse by colliding a high brightness electron beam with a high power laser. The electron beam is created by an rf photo-injector system, accelerated by a 120 MeV linac, and focused to 20 μm with novel permanent magnet quadrupoles. To produce Compton back scattered x-rays, the electron bunch is overlapped with a Ti:Sapphire laser that delivers 500 mJ, 100 fs, pulses to the interaction point. K-edge radiography at 115 keV on Uranium has verified the angle correlated energy spectrum inherent in Compton scattering and high-energy tunability of the Livermore source. Current upgrades to the facility will allow laser pumping of targets synchronized to the x-ray source enabling dynamic diffraction and time-resolved studies of high Z materials. Near future plans include extending the radiation energies to >400 keV, allowing for nuclear fluorescence studies of materials. |
| keywords: | pbpl |
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