First Name: K.
Middle Name: J.
Last Name: Kim
Full Name: K. J. Kim
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16 papers
| title: | Self-amplified spontaneous emission saturation at the Advanced Photon Source free-electron laser |
| format: | journal article |
| year: | 2002 |
| 29 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | Today, many bright photon beams in the ultraviolet and x-ray wavelength range are produced by insertion devices installed in specially designed third-generation storage rings. There is the possibility of producing photon beams that are orders of magnitude brighter than presently achieved at synchrotron sources, by using self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE). At the Advanced Photon Source (APS), the low-energy undulator test line (LEUTL) free-electron laser (FEL) project was built to explore the SASE process in the visible through vacuum ultraviolet wavelength range. While the understanding gained in these experiments will guide future work to extend SASE FELs to shorter wavelengths, the APS FEL itself will become a continuously tunable, bright light source. Measurements of the SASE process to saturation have been made at 530 and 385 nm. A number of quantities were measured to confirm our understanding of the SASE process and to verify that saturation was reached. The intensity of the FEL light was measured versus distance along the FEL, and was found to flatten out at saturation. The statistical variation of the light intensity was found to be wide in the exponential gain region where the intensity is expected to be noisy, and narrower once saturation was reached. Absolute power measurements compare well with GINGER simulations. The FEL light spectrum at different distances along the undulator line was measured with a high-resolution spectrometer, and the many sharp spectral spikes at the beginning of the SASE process coalesce into a single peak at saturation. The energy spread in the electron beam widens markedly after saturation due to the number of electrons that transfer a significant amount of energy to the photon beam. Coherent transition radiation measurements of the electron beam as it strikes a foil provide additional confirmation of the microbunching of the electron beam. The quantities measured confirm that saturation was indeed reached. Details are given in Milton et al., Science 292, 2037 (2001) (also online at www.sciencexpress.org as 10.1126/science. 1059955, 17 May 2001), and Lewellen et al., "Present Status and Recent Results from the APS SASE FEL," to be published in the Proceedings of the 23rd International Free-Electron Laser Conference, Darmstadt, Germany, 20?24 August 2001. |
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| title: | Exponential gain and saturation of a self-amplified spontaneous emission free-electron laser |
| format: | journal article |
| year: | 2001 |
| 32 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | Self-amplified spontaneous emission in a free-electron laser has been proposed for the generation of very high brightness coherent X-rays. This process involves passing a high-energy, high-charge, short-pulse, low-energy-spread, and low-emittance electron beam through the periodic magnetic field of a long series of high-quality undulator magnets. The radiation produced grows exponentially in intensity until it reaches a saturation point. We report on the demonstration of self-amplified spontaneous emission gain, exponential growth, and saturation at visible (530 nanometers) and ultraviolet (385 nanometers) wavelengths. Good agreement between theory and simulation indicates that scaling to much shorter wavelengths may be possible. These results confirm the physics behind the self-amplified spontaneous emission process and forward the development of an operational X-ray free-electron laser. (30 References). |
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| title: | Observation and analysis of self-amplified spontaneous emission at the APS low-energy undulator test line |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 22nd International Free Electron Laser Conference |
| year: | 2001 |
| 153 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | Exponential growth of self-amplified spontaneous emission at 530 nm was first experimentally observed at the Advanced Photon Source low-energy undulator test line in December 1999. Since then, further detailed measurements and analysis of the results have been made. Here, we present the measurements and compare these with calculations based on measured electron beam properties and theoretical expectations. (31 References). |
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| title: | Observation of self-amplified spontaneous emission and exponential growth at 530 nm |
| format: | journal article |
| year: | 2000 |
| 50 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | Experimental evidence for self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) at 530 nm is reported. The measurements were made at the low-energy undulator test line facility at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory. The experimental setup and details of the experimental results are presented, as well as preliminary analysis. This experiment extends to shorter wavelengths the operational knowledge of a linac-based SASE free-electron laser and explicitly shows the predicted exponential growth in intensity of the optical pulse as a function of length along the undulator. (20 References). |
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| title: | The FEL development at the Advanced Photon Source |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | Free-Electron Laser Challenges II |
| year: | 1999 |
| 46 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | Construction of a single-pass free-electron laser (FEL) based on the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) mode of operation is nearing completion at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) with initial experiments imminent. The APS SASE FEL is a proof-of-principle fourth-generation light source. As of January 1999 the undulator hall, end-station building, necessary transfer lines, electron and optical diagnostics, injectors, and initial undulators have been constructed and, with the exception of the undulators, installed. All preliminary code development and simulations have also been completed. The undulator hall is now ready to accept first beam for characterization of the output radiation. It is the project goal to push towards full FEL saturation, initially in the visible, but ultimately to UV and VUV, wavelengths. (10 References). |
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| title: | Research and development toward a 4.5-1.5 angstrom linac coherent light source (LCLS) at SLAC |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 17th International Free Electron Laser Conference |
| year: | 1996 |
| 32 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | In recent years significant studies have been initiated on the feasibility of utilizing a portion of the 3 km S-band accelerator at SLAC to drive a short wavelength (4.5-1.5 Angstrom) Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), a Free-Electron Laser (FEL) operating in the Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) regime. Electron beam requirements for single-pass saturation in a minimal time include: 1) a peak current in the 7 kA range, 2) a relative energy spread of <0.05%, add 3) a transverse emittance, epsilon [rad-m], approximating the diffraction-limit condition epsilon=lambda/4 pi, where lambda[m] is the output wavelength. Requirements on the insertion device include field error levels of 0.02% for keeping the electron bunch centered on and in phase with the amplified photons, and a focusing beta of 8 m/rad for inhibiting the dilution of its transverse density. Although much progress has been made in developing individual components and beam-processing techniques necessary for LCLS operation down to similar to 20 Angstrom, a substantial amount of research and development is still required in a number of theoretical and experimental areas leading to the construction and operation of a 4.5-1.5 Angstrom LCLS. In this paper we report on a research and development program underway and in planning at SLAC for addressing critical questions in these areas. These include the construction and operation of a linac test stand for developing laser-driven photocathode rf guns with normalized emittances approaching 1 mm-mrad; development of advanced beam compression, stability, and emittance control techniques at multi-GeV energies; the construction and operation of a FEL Amplifier Test Experiment (FATE) for theoretical and experimental studies of SASE at IR wavelengths; an undulator development program to investigate superconducting, hybrid/permanent magnet (hybrid/PM), and pulsed-Cu technologies; theoretical and computational studies of high-gain FEL physics and LCLS component designs; development of X-ray optics and instrumentation for extracting, modulating, and delivering photons to experimental users; and the study and development of scientific experiments made possible by the source properties of the LCLS. |
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| title: | Parametric study of an X-ray FEL |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 16th International Free Electron Laser Conference |
| year: | 1995 |
| 7 authors: | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | An FEL utilizing a high energy, high current and low emittance beam to produce radiation shorter than 2 angstroms is investigated in this paper. This device is an extension of the previously proposed 40 AA Linac Coherent Light Source based on the Stanford linear accelerator. Here we investigate the performance characteristics and parameter sensitivities of this single pass, high gain FEL amplifier operating by self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE). We begin by comparing various approaches to this short wavelength source and justify our choice of a helical undulator operating on the fundamental frequency. Numerical simulations as well as extensions of previous studies are used to show performance as a function of undulator parameters, startup noise, emittance, focusing, current and energy spread. Further studies and parameter modifications are proposed where needed. |
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| title: | Parametric study of an X-ray FEL |
| format: | preprint |
| year: | 1994 |
| 7 authors: | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | An FEL utilizing a high energy, high current and low emittance beam to produce radiation shorter than 2 AA is investigated in this paper. This device is an extension of the previously proposed 40 AA Linac Coherent Light Source based on the Stanford linear accelerator. Here we investigate the performance characteristics and parameter sensitivities of this single pass, high gain FEL amplifier operating by self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE). We begin by comparing various approaches to this short wavelength source and justify our choice of a helical undulator operating on the fundamental frequency. Numerical simulations as well as extensions of previous studies are used to show performance as a function of undulator parameters, startup noise, emittance, focusing, current and energy spread. Further studies and parameter modifications are proposed where needed. |
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| title: | Short wavelength FELs using the SLAC linac |
| format: | journal article |
| year: | 1994 |
| 30 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | We have studied the use of the SLAC linac to drive FELs at wavelengths down to a few angstroms. Lasing would be achieved in a single pass of a low emittance, high peak current, high energy eelctron beam through a long undulator by Self-Amplified-Spontaneous-Emissin (SASE). About 10(13) photons per pulse can be produced in 100 fs pulses at a 120 Hz rate, corresponding to brightness levels of about 10(22) average and 10(32) peak. Peak power levels are tens of GW. Electron energies of 10-20 GeV are required. Signifcant imporvement of FEL performance seems possible using harmonic generation techniques according to results from numerical simulations. |
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| title: | Prospects for high power linac coherent light source (LCLS) development in the 1000 angstrom-1 angstrom wavelength range |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 4th International Colloquium on X-Ray Lasers |
| year: | 1994 |
| 26 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | Electron bunch requirements for single-pass saturation of a free-electron laser (FEL) operating at full transverse coherence in the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) mode include: 1) a high peak current, 2) a sufficiently low relative energy spread, and 3) a transverse emittance epsilon (r-m) satisfying the condition epsilon <= lambda /4 pi , where lambda (m) is the output wavelength of the FEL. In the insertion device that induces the coherent amplification, the prepared electron bunch must be kept on a trajectory sufficiently collinear with the amplified photons without significant dilution of its transverse density. In this paper we discuss a Linac coherent light source (LCLS) based on a high energy accelerator such as, e.g., the 3 km S-band structure at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), followed by a long high-precision undulator with superimposed quadrupole (FODO) focusing, to fulfill the given requirements for SASE operation in the 1000 angstrom-1 angstrom range. The electron source for the linac, an RF gun with a laser-excited photocathode featuring a normalized emittance in the 1-3 mm-mrad range, a longitudinal bunch duration of the order of 3 ps, and approximately 10(-9) C/bunch, is a primary determinant of the required low transverse and longitudinal emittances. Acceleration of the injected bunch to energies in the 5-25 GeV range is used to reduce the relative longitudinal energy spread in the bunch, as well as to reduce the transverse emittance to values consistent with the cited wavelength regime. Two longitudinal compression stages are employed to increase the peak bunch current to the 2-5 kA levels required for sufficiently rapid saturation. The output radiation is delivered, via a grazing-incidence mirror bank, to optical instrumentation and a multi-user beam line system. Technological requirements for LCLS operation at 40 angstroms, 4.5 angstroms, and 1.5 angstroms are examined. |
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| title: | The SLAC soft X-ray high power FEL |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 15th International Free Electron Laser Conference |
| year: | 1994 |
| 23 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | We discuss the design and performance of a 2 to 4 nm FEL operating in self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE), using a photoinjector to produce the electron beam, and the SLAC linac to accelerate it to an energy of about 7 GeV. Longitudinal bunch compression is used to increase the peak current to 2.5 kA, while reducing the bunch length to about 40 mu m. The FEL field gain length is about 6 m, and the saturation length is about 60 m. The saturated output power is about 10 GW, corresponding to about 10/sup 14/ photons in a single pulse in a bandwidth of about 0.1%, with a pulse duration of 0.16 ps. Length compression, emittance control, phase stability, FEL design criteria, and parameter tolerances are discussed. (15 References). |
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| title: | Performance characteristics, optimization, and error tolerances of a 4 nm FEL based on the SLAC linac |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 1993 Particle Accelerator Conference |
| year: | 1993 |
| 5 authors: | | | | | |
| abstract: | A 4 nm free electron laser (FEL) operating in Self Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE), and using the SLAC linac as a driver has been extensively studied using the FRED3D and TDA3D codes. Using a 7 GeV beam with a normalized RMS emittance of 3 mm-mrad and a peak current of 2500 A, obtained by longitudinal bunch compression, the FEL can provide about 20 GWatt of peak power, in a subpicosecond pulse. The FEL saturation length is about 60 m. Strong focusing in both planes is provided throughout the undulator by a FODO quadrupole system. We have studied the system gain, its optimization and FEL tolerance to beam parameter changes, wiggler errors and misalignments. (14 References). |
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| title: | A 2-4 nm Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) using the SLAC linac |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 1993 Particle Accelerator Conference |
| year: | 1993 |
| 20 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | We describe the use of the SLAC linac to drive a unique, powerful, short wavelength Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). Operating as an FEL, lasing would be achieved in a single pass of a high peak current electron beam through a long undulator by self-amplified spontaneous emission. The main components are a high-brightness rf photocathode electron gun; pulse compressors; about 1/5 of the SLAC linac; and a long undulator with a FODO quadrupole focusing system. Using electrons below 8 GeV, the system would operate at wavelengths down to about 3 nm, producing [right angle bracket]or=10 GW of peak power in sub-ps pulses. At a 120 Hz rate the average power is approximately=1 W. (6 References). |
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| title: | Feasibility study of a storage ring for a high-power XUV free-electron laser |
| format: | journal article |
| year: | 1986 |
| 12 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | A high-gain free-electron lase (FEL), operating in a special by-pass of a storage ring, can provide tens of megawatts of coherent power at wavelengths shorter than 1000 AA. The requirements on beam quality are demanding-a few hundred amperes of peak current in an emittance of about 10/sup -8/ m-rad with a relative energy spread of about 10/sup -3/. Designing an electron storage ring with the required characteristics involves a comprehensive analysis of the restrictions arising from, and relationships between, the FEL physics, the multiparticle beam phenomena, and the ring lattice structure. A summary of such a study is reported and some design examples are given. (39 References). |
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| title: | Design concepts of a storage ring for a high power XUV free electron laser |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 7th International Free Electron Laser Conference |
| year: | 1986 |
| 12 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | The authors report on the study of a storage ring capable of sustaining an electron beam of the quality required for a high-gain free electron laser in the vacuum ultraviolet and X-ray region. They describe a method for the optimization of the design of the storage ring where several competing and often conflicting requirements come into play. They present an example design of a ring that satisfies the required conditions of beam quality and is able to produce coherent radiation at 400 AA with tens of megawatts of peak power. (11 References). |
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| title: | Storage ring design for a short wavelength FEL |
| format: | conference procceeding |
| conference: | 1985 Particle Accelerator Conference |
| year: | 1985 |
| 12 authors: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| abstract: | A high gain free electron laser (FEL) operating in a special bypass of a storage ring can provide tens of megawatts of coherent power at wavelengths shorter than 1000 AA. The requirements on beam qualities are demanding, a few hundred amperes of peak current in an emittance of about 10/sup -8/ m-rad with a relative energy spread of approximately 10/sup -3/. Designing an electron storage ring with the required characteristics involves a comprehensive analysis of the restrictions from, and relationships between, the FEL physics, the multiparticle beam phenomena, and the ring lattice structure. A summary of such a study is reported and some design examples are given. (12 References). |
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